英国议会怎么分¶
How is the UK Parliament divided? What is Upper tier LA and Lower tier LA?
In the UK, the division of Upper tier LA and Lower tier LA primarily refers to the regions in England.
Firstly, "LA" stands for Local Authority, which refers to local government bodies. The structure of local government varies by region. Upper tier LA refers to Upper tier local authority, which is the higher level of local government. Lower tier LA refers to Lower tier local authority, which is the lower level of local government.
So, what are Upper tier LA and Lower tier LA?
Upper tier LA and Lower tier LA mainly exist in most regions of England, where local government follows a two-tier council structure consisting of county councils (upper tier) and district councils (lower tier). County councils are at the higher level and are responsible for a broader area, while district councils are at the lower level and are responsible for smaller areas, such as cities or towns. These two types of councils have different service responsibilities.
County councils cover the entire county area and provide approximately 80% of the services. They are elected bodies representing a wide area of the county and are responsible for various services such as education and social services. Within the county, there are several district councils that cover smaller areas and provide more localized services.
However, in London, other metropolitan areas, and some parts of English counties, a unitary council structure operates, which means they have a single-tier council system. In this case, the authority is a unified body with combined powers of both district and county councils.
I hope this explanation clarifies the division of Upper tier LA and Lower tier LA in the UK Parliament.
England's local government consists of five types, which are as follows:
(1) County councils: County councils cover the entire county and provide 80% of the services in these areas, including education services, children's services, and adult social care services.
(2) District councils: District councils operate within the boundaries of counties but cover smaller areas. They provide more localized services such as housing, local planning, waste management, and leisure facilities. However, they do not handle children's services or adult social care. District councils can be referred to as district areas, boroughs, or city councils.
(3) Unitary authorities: Unitary authorities are single-tier local government structures that combine the functions and powers of both counties and districts. Currently, there are 55 unitary authorities throughout England. Only the unitary authorities are responsible for all local services. They can be referred to as councils (e.g., Medway Council), city councils (e.g., Nottingham City Council), or borough councils (e.g., Reading Borough Council).
(4) London boroughs: Each of the 32 administrative areas in London is a unitary authority, known as a London borough.
(5) Metropolitan districts: Metropolitan districts are essentially unitary authorities. The term "metropolitan district" is a legacy from past organizational arrangements. They can also be referred to as metropolitan boroughs or city councils.
In addition, in some areas of England, Wales, and Scotland, there is another layer of local government or council below these five types of councils mentioned earlier. They are known as parish councils (in England), town councils (in England), or community councils (in Wales and Scotland). These institutions are responsible for managing services in town and village centers, such as rubbish collection, verges, cemeteries, parks, ponds, allotments, war memorials, and community halls. However, community councils in Scotland have fewer powers compared to those in England and Wales. Currently, there are approximately 10,000 local councils of this kind in England, 730 in Wales, and 1,200 in Scotland. Northern Ireland does not have a similar system.
So, how many of these councils are there in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland?
In England, there are a total of 343 councils, including:
36 Metropolitan districts (unitary)
32 London Boroughs (unitary)
26 County Councils (upper tier)
192 District Councils (lower tier)
55 Unitary authorities (unitary)
2 Sui Generis authorities: City of London Corporation and Isles
Wales: 22 Unitary authorities
Scotland: 32 Unitary authorities
Northern Ireland: 11 Unitary authorities
There are approximately 11,930 local councils in the United Kingdom, including town, parish, community, neighborhood, and village councils.
The government departments in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are all unitary authorities, which fall under the second type among the five mentioned earlier. They operate a single-tier local government system.
So, what are the responsibilities of local government? Please refer to the following diagram
Why do some areas appear duplicated in the Upper tier LA and Lower tier LA in the COVID-19 data table in the UK?
This is because these areas happen to fall under a two-tier council structure.
For example, in the first red circle in the diagram, York is listed under both Upper tier LA and Lower tier LA. This is because the York area is a two-tier unitary authority. It means that the upper-tier unitary authority (City of York) provides specific services to the lower-tier unitary authority.
The secondary cities within the York area include Aurora, East Gwillimbury, Georgina, King, Markham, Newmarket, Richmond Hill, Vaughan, and Whitchurch-Stouffville.
Last updated on Tuesday 1 December 2020 at 12:00am
So, this UK COVID-19 data table actually includes all regions of England. Now, which specific areas correspond to the Upper tier LA and Lower tier LA here?
Upper tier LA
York
Wrexham
Worcestershire
Wolverhampton
Wokingham
Wirral
Windsor and Maidenhead
Wiltshire
Wigan
Westminster
West Sussex
West Lothian
West Dunbartonshire
West Berkshire
Warwickshire
Warrington
Wandsworth
Waltham Forest
Walsall
Wakefield
Vale of Glamorgan
Trafford
Tower Hamlets
Torfaen
Torbay
Thurrock
Telford and Wrekin
Tameside
Swindon
Swansea
Sutton
Surrey
Sunderland
Suffolk
Stoke-on-Trent
Stockton-on-Tees
Stockport
Stirling
Staffordshire
St. Helens
Southwark
Southend-on-Sea
Southampton
South Tyneside
South Lanarkshire
South Gloucestershire
South Ayrshire
Somerset
Solihull
Slough
Shropshire
Shetland Islands
Sheffield
Sefton
Scottish Borders
Sandwell
Salford
Rutland
Rotherham
Rochdale
Richmond upon Thames
Rhondda Cynon Taf
Renfrewshire
Redcar and Cleveland
Redbridge
Reading
Powys
Portsmouth
Plymouth
Peterborough
Perth and Kinross
Pembrokeshire
Oxfordshire
Orkney Islands1
Oldham
Nottinghamshire
Nottingham
Northumberland
Northamptonshire
North Yorkshire
North Tyneside
North Somerset
North Lincolnshire
North Lanarkshire
North East Lincolnshire
North Ayrshire
Norfolk
Newry, Mourne and Down
Newport
Newham
Newcastle upon Tyne
Neath Port Talbot
Moray
Monmouthshire
Milton Keynes
Midlothian
Middlesbrough
Mid and East Antrim
Mid Ulster
Merton
Merthyr Tydfil
Medway
Manchester
Luton
Liverpool
Lisburn and Castlereagh
Lincolnshire
Lewisham
Leicestershire
Leicester
Leeds
Lancashire
Lambeth
Knowsley
Kirklees
Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Hull, City of
Kent
Kensington and Chelsea
Islington
Isle of Wight
Isle of Anglesey
Inverclyde
Hounslow
Hillingdon
Highland
Hertfordshire
Herefordshire, County of
Havering
Hartlepool
Harrow
Haringey
Hampshire
Hammersmith and Fulham
Halton
Hackney and City of London
Gwynedd
Greenwich
Gloucestershire
Glasgow City
Gateshead
Flintshire
Fife
Fermanagh and Omagh
Falkirk
Essex
Enfield
East Sussex
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Renfrewshire
East Lothian
East Dunbartonshire
East Ayrshire
Ealing
Dundee City
Dumfries and Galloway
Dudley
Dorset
Doncaster
Devon
Derry City and Strabane
Derbyshire
Derby
Denbighshire
Darlington
Cumbria
Croydon
Coventry
County Durham
Cornwall and Isles of Scilly
Conwy
Comhairle nan Eilean Siar
Clackmannanshire
City of Edinburgh
Cheshire West and Chester
Cheshire East
Ceredigion
Central Bedfordshire
Causeway Coast and Glens
Carmarthenshire
Cardiff
Camden
Cambridgeshire
Calderdale
Caerphilly
Bury
Buckinghamshire
Bromley
Bristol, City of
Brighton and Hove
Bridgend
Brent
Bradford
Bracknell Forest
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
Bolton
Blaenau Gwent
Blackpool
Blackburn with Darwen
Birmingham
Bexley
Belfast
Bedford
Bath and North East Somerset
Barnsley
Barnet
Barking and Dagenham
Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon
Argyll and Bute
Ards and North Down
Antrim and Newtownabbey
Angus
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeen City
Lower tier LA
York
Wyre Forest
Wyre
Wycombe
Wychavon
Wrexham
Worthing
Worcester
Wolverhampton
Wokingham
Woking
Wirral
Windsor and Maidenhead
Winchester
Wiltshire
Wigan
Westminster
West Suffolk
West Oxfordshire
West Lothian
West Lindsey
West Lancashire
West Dunbartonshire
West Devon
West Berkshire
Welwyn Hatfield
Wellingborough
Wealden
Waverley
Watford
Warwick
Warrington
Wandsworth
Waltham Forest
Walsall
Wakefield
Vale of White Horse
Vale of Glamorgan
Uttlesford
Tunbridge Wells
Trafford
Tower Hamlets
Torridge
Torfaen
Torbay
Tonbridge and Malling
Thurrock
Three Rivers
Thanet
Tewkesbury
Test Valley
Tendring
Telford and Wrekin
Teignbridge
Tandridge
Tamworth
Tameside
Swindon
Swansea
Swale
Sutton
Surrey Heath
Sunderland
Stroud
Stratford-on-Avon
Stoke-on-Trent
Stockton-on-Tees
Stockport
Stirling
Stevenage
Staffordshire Moorlands
Stafford
St. Helens
St Albans
Spelthorne
Southwark
Southend-on-Sea
Southampton
South Tyneside
South Staffordshire
South Somerset
South Ribble
South Oxfordshire
South Northamptonshire
South Norfolk
South Lanarkshire
South Lakeland
South Kesteven
South Holland
South Hams
South Gloucestershire
South Derbyshire
South Cambridgeshire
South Bucks
South Ayrshire
Somerset West and Taunton
Solihull
Slough
Shropshire
Shetland Islands
Sheffield
Sevenoaks
Selby
Sefton
Sedgemoor
Scottish Borders
Scarborough
Sandwell
Salford
Ryedale
Rutland
Rushmoor
Rushcliffe
Runnymede
Rugby
Rotherham
Rother
Rossendale
Rochford
Rochdale
Richmondshire
Richmond upon Thames
Ribble Valley
Rhondda Cynon Taf
Renfrewshire
Reigate and Banstead
Redditch
Redcar and Cleveland
Redbridge
Reading
Preston
Powys
Portsmouth
Plymouth
Peterborough
Perth and Kinross
Pendle
Pembrokeshire
Oxford
Orkney Islands
Oldham
Oadby and Wigston
Nuneaton and Bedworth
Nottingham
Norwich
Northumberland
Northampton
North West Leicestershire
North Warwickshire
North Tyneside
North Somerset
North Norfolk
North Lincolnshire
North Lanarkshire
North Kesteven
North Hertfordshire
North East Lincolnshire
North East Derbyshire
North Devon
North Ayrshire
Newry, Mourne and Down
Newport
Newham
Newcastle-under-Lyme
Newcastle upon Tyne
Newark and Sherwood
New Forest
Neath Port Talbot
Moray
Monmouthshire
Mole Valley
Milton Keynes
Midlothian
Middlesbrough
Mid and East Antrim
Mid Ulster
Mid Sussex
Mid Suffolk
Mid Devon
Merton
Merthyr Tydfil
Mendip
Melton
Medway
Mansfield
Manchester
Malvern Hills
Maldon
Maidstone
Luton
Liverpool
Lisburn and Castlereagh
Lincoln
Lichfield
Lewisham
Lewes
Leicester
Leeds
Lancaster
Lambeth
Knowsley
Kirklees
Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Hull, City of
King's Lynn and West Norfolk
Kettering
Kensington and Chelsea
Islington
Isle of Wight
Isle of Anglesey
Ipswich
Inverclyde
Hyndburn
Huntingdonshire
Hounslow
Horsham
Hinckley and Bosworth
Hillingdon
Highland
High Peak
Hertsmere
Herefordshire, County of
Havering
Havant
Hastings
Hartlepool
Hart
Harrow
Harrogate
Harlow
Haringey
Harborough
Hammersmith and Fulham
Hambleton
Halton
Hackney and City of London
Gwynedd
Guildford
Greenwich
Great Yarmouth
Gravesham
Gosport
Gloucester
Glasgow City
Gedling
Gateshead
Fylde
Forest of Dean
Folkestone and Hythe
Flintshire
Fife
Fermanagh and Omagh
Fenland
Fareham
Falkirk
Exeter
Erewash
Epsom and Ewell
Epping Forest
Enfield
Elmbridge
Eden
Eastleigh
Eastbourne
East Suffolk
East Staffordshire
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Renfrewshire
East Northamptonshire
East Lothian
East Lindsey
East Hertfordshire
East Hampshire
East Dunbartonshire
East Devon
East Cambridgeshire
East Ayrshire
Ealing
Dundee City
Dumfries and Galloway
Dudley
Dover
Dorset
Doncaster
Derry City and Strabane
Derbyshire Dales
Derby
Denbighshire
Daventry
Dartford
Darlington
Dacorum
Croydon
Crawley
Craven
Coventry
County Durham
Cotswold
Cornwall and Isles of Scilly
Corby
Copeland
Conwy
Comhairle nan Eilean Siar
Colchester
Clackmannanshire
City of Edinburgh
Chorley
Chiltern
Chichester
Chesterfield
Cheshire West and Chester
Cheshire East
Cherwell
Cheltenham
Chelmsford
Charnwood
Ceredigion
Central Bedfordshire
Causeway Coast and Glens
Castle Point
Carmarthenshire
Carlisle
Cardiff
Canterbury
Cannock Chase
Camden
Cambridge
Calderdale
Caerphilly
Bury
Burnley
Broxtowe
Broxbourne
Bromsgrove
Bromley
Broadland
Bristol, City of
Brighton and Hove
Bridgend
Brentwood
Brent
Breckland
Braintree
Bradford
Bracknell Forest
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
Boston
Bolton
Bolsover
Blaenau Gwent
Blackpool
Blackburn with Darwen
Blaby
Birmingham
Bexley
Belfast
Bedford
Bath and North East Somerset
Bassetlaw
Basingstoke and Deane
Basildon
Barrow-in-Furness
Barnsley
Barnet
Barking and Dagenham
Babergh
Aylesbury Vale
Ashford
Ashfield
Arun
Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon
Argyll and Bute
Ards and North Down
Antrim and Newtownabbey
Angus
Amber Valley
Allerdale
Adur
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeen City