英国议会怎么分¶
英国议会怎么分？什么是Upper tier LA，什么是Lower tier LA？
在英国，什么是Upper tier LA，什么是Lower tier LA，不管是Upper tier LA还是Lower tier LA，这里其实主要是指的英格兰地区的。
首先LA这两个字母是Local Authority的缩写，中文意思是地方当局、地方政府等，地方政府的结构因地区而异，也因地区而异，也就是说：Upper tier LA就是Upper tier local authority，也就是上级（层）地方当局Lower tier LA就是Lower tier local authority，也就是下（低）级（层）地方当局
那么什么是Upper tier LA和Lower tier LA呢？
上级地方当局和下级地方当局指的是在英格兰的大部分地区，地方政府是两层议会结构，被划分为county council (upper tier)和district council (lower tier)，county council就是中文类似郡议会属于上一级地方政府，district council 就是中文类似（英国市或乡的）区议会属于下一级地方政府。这个郡议会和区议会是负责不同的服务职责。
郡议会覆盖整个郡县地区，提供大约80%的服务，郡议会是选举产生的代表一个郡的广泛地区的组织机构，他们负责广泛的服务，如教育和社会服务。在郡内，有几个区议会，它们覆盖更小的地区，提供更多的地方服务。
不过，伦敦和其他大都市区，还有英格兰郡的部分地区还是在单层议会结构下运作。也就是说，英国是分为单层议会结构和两层议会结构。单层议会是单一的权力机构，拥有区和郡县议会的联合权力。
英格兰地方政府总共有五种类型，这些分别是:
（1）County councils 郡议会覆盖整个郡县，在这些地区提供80%的服务，包括教育服务、儿童服务和成人社会照顾服务等
（2）District councils 区议会在郡县内的范围较小，提供更多的本地服务(例如房屋、地方规划、废物处理和休闲，但不包括儿童服务或成人社会关怀)；可以被称为district区域（行致区）, borough区（自治的市镇）或city council市议会。
（3）Unitary authorities 单一权威机构/单一管理区/统一政府部门单一管理区是单一层级地方政府结构/部门，它是合并郡和区两级政府的功能和权限；目前，全英格兰有55个单一管理区。只有单一层级地方政府负责所有地方服务，可以被称为议会(例如Medway Council梅德韦市议会)、市议会(例如Nottingham City Council诺丁汉市议会)或区议会(例如Reading Borough Council雷丁市议会)
（4）London boroughs 伦敦行政区32个行政区中的每一个都是一个 unitary authority单一权威机构（单一管理区）。
（5）Metropolitan districts 大都市区实际上是Unitary authorities，这个名字是过去组织安排的遗留物，也可以被称为metropolitan borough大都会区或 city councils市议会。
除此以外，在英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰的一些地区，在上面5种类型的这些议会之下还有另一层地方政府/议会，称为parish教区(英格兰)、town城镇(英格兰)或community社区(威尔士和苏格兰)议会。这些机构负责管理城镇和村庄中心、垃圾、verges边缘、墓地、公园、池塘、园地、战争纪念馆和社区会堂等服务。不过苏格兰的社区议会比英格兰和威尔士的社区议会拥有更少的权力。目前英格兰地区大约有1万个左右这样的地方议会，威尔士有730个，苏格兰有1200个，北爱尔兰没有。
那么英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士、北爱尔兰有多少个上面这样的议会呢？
英格兰，总计有343个议会，包括如下的：
36个大都市区(统一) Metropolitan districts (unitary)
32个伦敦行政区(统一) London Boroughs (unitary)
26个郡县议会(上层) County Councils (upper tier)
192个区议会(下层) District Councils (lower tier)
55个单一管理区(统一) Unitary authorities (unitary)
2个独特的当局 2 Sui Generis authorities: City of London Corporation伦敦金融城政府和锡利群岛Isles of Scilly(统一)
威尔士: 22个统一政府部门Unitary authorities
苏格兰: 32个统一政府部门Unitary authorities
北爱尔兰: 11个统一政府部门Unitary authorities
英国大约有11,930个地方议会，包括城镇、教区、社区、邻里和乡村议会。
威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰的政府部门都是unitary统一单一管理区的，也就是上面五种类型的第二种，它们运行着一个单层的地方政府系统。
那么地方政府负责什么呢？如下图
为什么在英国COVID-19数据表里有些Upper tier LA和Lower tier LA会有重复的地区出现呢？
这是因为刚好这个地方属于两层议会结构。
例如下图的第一个红圈的York约克，既在Upper tier LA，又在Lower tier LA。因为约克地区是一个两层的自治市。这意味着上层自治市(约克地区自治市)为下（低）层自治市提供特定服务。
约克地区的二线城市包括奥罗拉(Aurora)、东格威林伯里(East Gwillimbury)、乔治娜(Georgina)、金(King)、马卡姆(Markham)、纽马克特(Newmarket)、里奇蒙希尔(Richmond Hill)、沃恩(Vaughan)和惠教堂-斯托夫维尔(Whitchurch-Stouffville)。
Last updated on Tuesday 1 December 2020 at 12:00am
那么此次英国疫情数据表，其实是包括了所有的英格兰地区，那么这里的Upper tier LA和Lower tier LA对应的分别是哪些具体地区呢？
Upper tier LA
York
Wrexham
Worcestershire
Wolverhampton
Wokingham
Wirral
Windsor and Maidenhead
Wiltshire
Wigan
Westminster
West Sussex
West Lothian
West Dunbartonshire
West Berkshire
Warwickshire
Warrington
Wandsworth
Waltham Forest
Walsall
Wakefield
Vale of Glamorgan
Trafford
Tower Hamlets
Torfaen
Torbay
Thurrock
Telford and Wrekin
Tameside
Swindon
Swansea
Sutton
Surrey
Sunderland
Suffolk
Stoke-on-Trent
Stockton-on-Tees
Stockport
Stirling
Staffordshire
St. Helens
Southwark
Southend-on-Sea
Southampton
South Tyneside
South Lanarkshire
South Gloucestershire
South Ayrshire
Somerset
Solihull
Slough
Shropshire
Shetland Islands
Sheffield
Sefton
Scottish Borders
Sandwell
Salford
Rutland
Rotherham
Rochdale
Richmond upon Thames
Rhondda Cynon Taf
Renfrewshire
Redcar and Cleveland
Redbridge
Reading
Powys
Portsmouth
Plymouth
Peterborough
Perth and Kinross
Pembrokeshire
Oxfordshire
Orkney Islands1
Oldham
Nottinghamshire
Nottingham
Northumberland
Northamptonshire
North Yorkshire
North Tyneside
North Somerset
North Lincolnshire
North Lanarkshire
North East Lincolnshire
North Ayrshire
Norfolk
Newry, Mourne and Down
Newport
Newham
Newcastle upon Tyne
Neath Port Talbot
Moray
Monmouthshire
Milton Keynes
Midlothian
Middlesbrough
Mid and East Antrim
Mid Ulster
Merton
Merthyr Tydfil
Medway
Manchester
Luton
Liverpool
Lisburn and Castlereagh
Lincolnshire
Lewisham
Leicestershire
Leicester
Leeds
Lancashire
Lambeth
Knowsley
Kirklees
Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Hull, City of
Kent
Kensington and Chelsea
Islington
Isle of Wight
Isle of Anglesey
Inverclyde
Hounslow
Hillingdon
Highland
Hertfordshire
Herefordshire, County of
Havering
Hartlepool
Harrow
Haringey
Hampshire
Hammersmith and Fulham
Halton
Hackney and City of London
Gwynedd
Greenwich
Gloucestershire
Glasgow City
Gateshead
Flintshire
Fife
Fermanagh and Omagh
Falkirk
Essex
Enfield
East Sussex
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Renfrewshire
East Lothian
East Dunbartonshire
East Ayrshire
Ealing
Dundee City
Dumfries and Galloway
Dudley
Dorset
Doncaster
Devon
Derry City and Strabane
Derbyshire
Derby
Denbighshire
Darlington
Cumbria
Croydon
Coventry
County Durham
Cornwall and Isles of Scilly
Conwy
Comhairle nan Eilean Siar
Clackmannanshire
City of Edinburgh
Cheshire West and Chester
Cheshire East
Ceredigion
Central Bedfordshire
Causeway Coast and Glens
Carmarthenshire
Cardiff
Camden
Cambridgeshire
Calderdale
Caerphilly
Bury
Buckinghamshire
Bromley
Bristol, City of
Brighton and Hove
Bridgend
Brent
Bradford
Bracknell Forest
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
Bolton
Blaenau Gwent
Blackpool
Blackburn with Darwen
Birmingham
Bexley
Belfast
Bedford
Bath and North East Somerset
Barnsley
Barnet
Barking and Dagenham
Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon
Argyll and Bute
Ards and North Down
Antrim and Newtownabbey
Angus
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeen City
Lower tier LA
York
Wyre Forest
Wyre
Wycombe
Wychavon
Wrexham
Worthing
Worcester
Wolverhampton
Wokingham
Woking
Wirral
Windsor and Maidenhead
Winchester
Wiltshire
Wigan
Westminster
West Suffolk
West Oxfordshire
West Lothian
West Lindsey
West Lancashire
West Dunbartonshire
West Devon
West Berkshire
Welwyn Hatfield
Wellingborough
Wealden
Waverley
Watford
Warwick
Warrington
Wandsworth
Waltham Forest
Walsall
Wakefield
Vale of White Horse
Vale of Glamorgan
Uttlesford
Tunbridge Wells
Trafford
Tower Hamlets
Torridge
Torfaen
Torbay
Tonbridge and Malling
Thurrock
Three Rivers
Thanet
Tewkesbury
Test Valley
Tendring
Telford and Wrekin
Teignbridge
Tandridge
Tamworth
Tameside
Swindon
Swansea
Swale
Sutton
Surrey Heath
Sunderland
Stroud
Stratford-on-Avon
Stoke-on-Trent
Stockton-on-Tees
Stockport
Stirling
Stevenage
Staffordshire Moorlands
Stafford
St. Helens
St Albans
Spelthorne
Southwark
Southend-on-Sea
Southampton
South Tyneside
South Staffordshire
South Somerset
South Ribble
South Oxfordshire
South Northamptonshire
South Norfolk
South Lanarkshire
South Lakeland
South Kesteven
South Holland
South Hams
South Gloucestershire
South Derbyshire
South Cambridgeshire
South Bucks
South Ayrshire
Somerset West and Taunton
Solihull
Slough
Shropshire
Shetland Islands
Sheffield
Sevenoaks
Selby
Sefton
Sedgemoor
Scottish Borders
Scarborough
Sandwell
Salford
Ryedale
Rutland
Rushmoor
Rushcliffe
Runnymede
Rugby
Rotherham
Rother
Rossendale
Rochford
Rochdale
Richmondshire
Richmond upon Thames
Ribble Valley
Rhondda Cynon Taf
Renfrewshire
Reigate and Banstead
Redditch
Redcar and Cleveland
Redbridge
Reading
Preston
Powys
Portsmouth
Plymouth
Peterborough
Perth and Kinross
Pendle
Pembrokeshire
Oxford
Orkney Islands
Oldham
Oadby and Wigston
Nuneaton and Bedworth
Nottingham
Norwich
Northumberland
Northampton
North West Leicestershire
North Warwickshire
North Tyneside
North Somerset
North Norfolk
North Lincolnshire
North Lanarkshire
North Kesteven
North Hertfordshire
North East Lincolnshire
North East Derbyshire
North Devon
North Ayrshire
Newry, Mourne and Down
Newport
Newham
Newcastle-under-Lyme
Newcastle upon Tyne
Newark and Sherwood
New Forest
Neath Port Talbot
Moray
Monmouthshire
Mole Valley
Milton Keynes
Midlothian
Middlesbrough
Mid and East Antrim
Mid Ulster
Mid Sussex
Mid Suffolk
Mid Devon
Merton
Merthyr Tydfil
Mendip
Melton
Medway
Mansfield
Manchester
Malvern Hills
Maldon
Maidstone
Luton
Liverpool
Lisburn and Castlereagh
Lincoln
Lichfield
Lewisham
Lewes
Leicester
Leeds
Lancaster
Lambeth
Knowsley
Kirklees
Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Hull, City of
King's Lynn and West Norfolk
Kettering
Kensington and Chelsea
Islington
Isle of Wight
Isle of Anglesey
Ipswich
Inverclyde
Hyndburn
Huntingdonshire
Hounslow
Horsham
Hinckley and Bosworth
Hillingdon
Highland
High Peak
Hertsmere
Herefordshire, County of
Havering
Havant
Hastings
Hartlepool
Hart
Harrow
Harrogate
Harlow
Haringey
Harborough
Hammersmith and Fulham
Hambleton
Halton
Hackney and City of London
Gwynedd
Guildford
Greenwich
Great Yarmouth
Gravesham
Gosport
Gloucester
Glasgow City
Gedling
Gateshead
Fylde
Forest of Dean
Folkestone and Hythe
Flintshire
Fife
Fermanagh and Omagh
Fenland
Fareham
Falkirk
Exeter
Erewash
Epsom and Ewell
Epping Forest
Enfield
Elmbridge
Eden
Eastleigh
Eastbourne
East Suffolk
East Staffordshire
East Riding of Yorkshire
East Renfrewshire
East Northamptonshire
East Lothian
East Lindsey
East Hertfordshire
East Hampshire
East Dunbartonshire
East Devon
East Cambridgeshire
East Ayrshire
Ealing
Dundee City
Dumfries and Galloway
Dudley
Dover
Dorset
Doncaster
Derry City and Strabane
Derbyshire Dales
Derby
Denbighshire
Daventry
Dartford
Darlington
Dacorum
Croydon
Crawley
Craven
Coventry
County Durham
Cotswold
Cornwall and Isles of Scilly
Corby
Copeland
Conwy
Comhairle nan Eilean Siar
Colchester
Clackmannanshire
City of Edinburgh
Chorley
Chiltern
Chichester
Chesterfield
Cheshire West and Chester
Cheshire East
Cherwell
Cheltenham
Chelmsford
Charnwood
Ceredigion
Central Bedfordshire
Causeway Coast and Glens
Castle Point
Carmarthenshire
Carlisle
Cardiff
Canterbury
Cannock Chase
Camden
Cambridge
Calderdale
Caerphilly
Bury
Burnley
Broxtowe
Broxbourne
Bromsgrove
Bromley
Broadland
Bristol, City of
Brighton and Hove
Bridgend
Brentwood
Brent
Breckland
Braintree
Bradford
Bracknell Forest
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
Boston
Bolton
Bolsover
Blaenau Gwent
Blackpool
Blackburn with Darwen
Blaby
Birmingham
Bexley
Belfast
Bedford
Bath and North East Somerset
Bassetlaw
Basingstoke and Deane
Basildon
Barrow-in-Furness
Barnsley
Barnet
Barking and Dagenham
Babergh
Aylesbury Vale
Ashford
Ashfield
Arun
Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon
Argyll and Bute
Ards and North Down
Antrim and Newtownabbey
Angus
Amber Valley
Allerdale
Adur
Aberdeenshire
Aberdeen City